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Obstetrica şi Ginecologia

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Obstetrica şi Ginecologia

IN MEMORIAM DR. EMIL GHEORGHIŢĂ

Obstetrica şi Ginecologia

Opinii şi recomandări curente pentru utilizarea meşei în chirurgia ginecologică – review al literaturii

Introduction

The ultrasound (US) examination of the fetal venous system has exposed a wide spectrum of malformations. These abnormalities of the venous system, especially of the caval system, may be associated with anomalies of the heart, intestinal tract and with anomalies of the symmetry of the body.

Azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) has a prevalence of about 1.5% in the general population (range: 0.2-3%)⁽¹⁾. Traditionally, this venous anomaly was thought to be strongly associated with congenital heart disease and polysplenia. However, the widespread prenatal diagnosis and postnatal evaluations revealed that interrupted inferior vena cava (IIVC) can evolve isolated and asymptomatic⁽²⁾. As an isolated finding, IIVC with azygos or hemiazygos continuation requires no treatment.

Improved ultrasound technology with the addition of color and spectral Doppler imaging has changed the assessment of fetal circulation and resulted in the increasing number of cases with a prenatal diagnosis of agenesis of ductus venosus (ADV). Also, it has been proven the ability of first-trimester (FT) screening in the detection of agenesis of the ductus venosus⁽³⁾. The prognosis of the ADV is also controversial and is related either to the type of the umbilical shunt (intra- or extrahepatic), caliber of the shunt, the association with other fetal abnormalities and the nuchal translucency (NT) measurement^(4-7).

The overall aim of fetal anomaly screening is to identify potential anomalies, so that parents can make an informed choice, and to improve the safety of delivery. The increase of ultrasound use highlighted questions regarding the appropriate management in cases with rare anomalies. Unfortunately, the reports regarding agenesis of ductus venosus with interrupted vena cava are rare and the long-term follow-up is not easy to assess, therefore for further cases the counseling becomes difficult.

Methodology

This is a prospective study conducted in our tertiary center (Prenatal Unit of the County Emergency Clinical Hospital of Craiova), between October 2016 and October 2020. We included the fetuses diagnosed with ADV and interrupted IVC. The examination of the DV was performed with the image magnified, so that the fetal thorax and abdomen occupied the whole screen. The presence of the normal hepatic segment of IVC was confirmed on the abdominal axial planes at the level of circumference biometry plane. In cases with IVC interruption, the azygos or hemiazygos vein were identified and showed in upper planes to drain into the superior vena cava (SVC) – Figure 4. Maternal characteristics and medical history along with fetal associated anomalies were noted. The written informed consent was obtained before US examination. The examinations were carried out by several certified sonographers. We compared our results with the ones from published studies, which were identified via PubMed and Scopus search, using the keywords: inferior vena cava agenesis, ADV outcome.

Results

During the study period, the assessment of the DV and IVC was carried out in 4000 pregnancies. We identified a total of five cases with prenatally ADV and IIVC, with a prevalence of 0.12%. The prenatal findings and outcome of the five cases are summarized in Table 1. Two ADV cases with IIVC were isolated (Figure 1), one case was associated with atrioventricular septal defect and hydrops, and two were part of the left isomerism syndrome. The latter two cases of IIVC presented azygos continuation. From the two isolated cases, one presented hemiazygos continuation (Figures 2-4) and the other with azygos drainage. Genetic evaluation was performed in four cases, and trisomy 13 was found in one case. One couple declined genetic assessment.
 

Discussion

Agenesis of the ductus venosus results from the failure to form the “critical anastomoses” between the portal-umbilical venous system and the hepatic-systemic venous system, shunting the umbilical blood through an aberrant vessel. Two main subgroups can be distinguished: intrahepatic drainage through the portal sinus to the portal venous system (PVS) or a hepatic vein, without giving rise to the DV (umbilicoportal-hepatic shunt). The other group is the one with extrahepatic course of the umbilical vein with liver bypass; the UV does not connect to the PVS and drains into a systemic vein (the inferior vena cava, right atrium or, rarely, the left atrium, coronary sinus or iliac vein)^(8,9). Intrahepatic drainage has been reported to have a favorable prognosis, 80-100% of cases having a normal outcome^(4,10).

In our study, less than half of the cases with IIVC and secondary ADV were isolated and presented a good outcome. However, the small number of cases, due to the rarity of the disease, did not allow us to draw strong conclusions. In our cases, IIVC associated an umbilical drainage usually into the hepatic circulation – hepatic veins and portal system. One case presented with extrahepatic drainage, into the right atrium, with the subsequent development of hydrops. The poor prognosis seems to be related to the associated abnormalities rather than to the site of umbilical vein drainage.

IIVC is a rare congenital anomaly. This anomaly results from the primary failure of the right subcardinal vein to connect with the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava, shunting its blood directly into the right supracardinal vein. The blood which drains the inferior part of the body reaches the heart by way of the azygos or hemiazygos vein and superior vena cava⁽¹¹⁾. This anomaly seems to be a good indicator for the presence of atrial isomerism and the polysplenia syndrome^(12,13). We identified a total of five ADV cases with IIVC, out of which 40% were part of the left isomerism syndrome. This study is in line with previous publications, IIVC being usually associated with cardiac and extracardiac malformations, as part of the isomerism syndrome. The association of IIVC with congenital heart diseases has been reported to be an important marker of symptoms severity and a prognostic factor⁽¹⁴⁾. The two survivors with left atrial isomerism had a two-year follow-up, with the developing of heart block and surgical correction.

In cases of isolated IIVC, usually there is no treatment regime required. The patients are often asymptomatic, but deep venous thrombosis rate seems to be increased after birth^(15,16). The evaluation of the cases from our study had a multidisciplinary approach along with a fetal cardiologist. 40% of our cases were isolated and had a good outcome at birth and on short-term follow-up. A detailed cardiac evaluation was performed at two-month postnatal age, which confirmed the prenatal diagnosis of inferior vena cava agenesis with hemiazygos and azygos continuation to superior vena cava. The isolated cases were followed-up on a period of one year postnatally and the development of the infants was according to their age.

Usually, the isolated abnormality of the venous system represents a self-limiting clinical problem. Most of the previous cases of IIVC and hemiazygos continuation have been reported in adults⁽⁴⁾, while the few cases reported in fetuses do not have a long-term follow-up. The key finding of this study represents the diagnosis of ADV associated with IIVC, showing a good outcome on the short-term evaluation in isolated cases. Of course, there are limitations of the study, due to the lack of follow-up, which could provide information about the long-term consequences.

The value that the study adds to the current literature is represented by the recognition and description of ADV secondary to IIVC and hemiazygos or azygos continuation and its short-term outcome. We would like to underline the fact that counseling is often difficult in such cases, where a conflict emerges when combining the contradictory prognosis of two rare conditions: the reserved ADV outcome and the well-known overall good development of the IIVC individuals.

The postnatal outcome in cases with ADV and IIVC mainly depends on the presence of concomitant malformations. Thus, in such cases, we believe that it is very important to exclude other structural or genetic anomalies. Limited postnatal long-term follow-up does not allow us to draw safe conclusions, but prenatal counseling for this anomaly should include the likelihood of later increased risk for venous thrombosis.