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Introduction
The main undesirable side effect of antimicrobial use in both humans and animals is antimicrobial resistance (AMR)(1). Resistance is a natural and ancient phenomenon and results from the continuous positive selection of resistant bacterial clones, whether these are pathogenic, commensal or even environmental bacteria. AMR modifies the population structure of microbial communities, leading to accelerated evolutionary trends with consequences for human and animal health(2,3). In this context, the enhanced monitoring of AMR in bacteria from food-producing animals set out in European Commission Implementing Decision 2013/652/EU was successfully implemented in Romania during 2016(3,4).
Materials and method
The cecal samples (N=840) were randomly collected during 2016 from broilers, slaughtered in 29 slaughterhouses from 19 counties. The samples were processed in the labs no more than 48 hours after collection. The cecal content was directly streaked onto McConkey agar. Colonies showing typical E. coli morphology were confirmed biochemically using triple-sugar-iron agar, mobility-indol-urea medium, O-Nitrophenyl-b-D-galactopyranoside test. A single isolate per each sample was selected for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST).
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) (mg/L) were determined using Sensititre plates (Trek Diagnostic System), respectively EUVSEC panel – ampicillin (AMP), cefotaxime (FOT), ceftazidime (TAZ), gentamicin (GEN), tetracycline (TET), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), chloramphenicol (CHL), azithromycin (AZI), tigecycline (TGC), colistin (COL), and meropenem (MERO). The E. coli strains which after testing with this panel of antimicrobials were resistant to cefotaxime or ceftazidime or meropenem have been tested with a second panel of antimicrobial, EUVSEC2 panel. This panel includes cefoxitin (FOX), cefepime (FEP) and clavulanate synergy test in combination with cefotaxime (FOT) and ceftazidime (TAZ) for the detection of extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC enzymes production. In addition, the second panel also contains imipenem (IMI), meropenem (MERO) and ertapenem (ETP) to phenotypically verify the presumptive carbapenemase-producers(4). The quality control strain used was E. coli ATCC 25922. The obtained MICs values were interpreted according epidemiological cut-off values of European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (http://eucast.org), criteria established by Decision 2013/652/EU and also by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) criteria for presumptive phenotype(4,5).
Results and discussion
The prevalence of AMR and MIC distribution of commensal E. coli is shown in Table 1. Based on MIC obtained for 19 antimicrobials, the occurrence of resistance for the 840 strains isolated from cecal samples was extremely high to CIP (89.52%), NAL (85.71%), TET (60.12%), AMP (59.64%), SMX (59.40%), high to TMP (46.55%), CHL (31.31%), moderate to GEN (16.43%) and low to AZI (9.29%), COL (5.60%), and cephalosporins (FOT – 3.45%; TAZ – 2.86%; FEP 2.74%; FOX – 1.79%) (Figure 1).
The commensal E. coli strains resistant to cefotaxime or/and ceftazidime were tested for clavulanate synergy test and FOX for the detection of ESBL and/or AmpC production. The global prevalence of commensal ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli strains isolated from the broilers ceca on MacConkey agar was 3.45%, respectively 29 strains from 840 samples. Presumptive ESBL (14/840) and AmpC-positive (14/840) strains were more frequent (1.67%) compared with presumptive ESBL+AmpC-type cephalosporinase producers (1/840 – 0.12%) (Figure 2).
The occurrence of isolates exhibiting combined resistance to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin, that are critically important antimicrobials for public health, has high relevance in monitoring(2). Thus, 2.86% (24/840) of the isolates from broilers were resistant to both cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin.
Conclusions
The resistance to quinolones (nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin) was the most common resistance trait in E. coli isolates from broilers in 2016. Poultry could be also a reservoir of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant bacteria, but specific selective screening is needed to increase the rate of isolation. The prevalence of colistin resistance was at a low level, but taking into account that could be probably a cause of existence of mobile genetic elements in commensal bacterial population further molecular investigations are necessary.
Acknowledgments. The work was funded by the National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority of Romania and European Commission, on the basis of Grant Decision SI2.728669/12.04.2016 (Ares(2016)1724197). A part of the laboratory investigations was performed at the Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Directorates of Alba, Brăila, Giurgiu, Mureş, Prahova and Satu Mare counties. The authors are grateful to Camelia Sârbu, Sorinel Voicu, Mihail Cartojan, Camelia Nuţiu, Alina Văcarel, and Claudiu Andor for their contribution to this paper.
ezistenţă antimicrobianăEscherichia coliconcentraţie minimă inhibitoareβ-lactamaze cu spectru extinspui de carne